PTCL Smart TV Standalone Package

PTCL Smart TV Standalone Package



Standalone IPTV:

There is a segment of TV customers who want TV but they have already PTCL BB or don’t require internet at all. To address the requirement of this segment PTCL is proud to announce Standalone Smart TV package. In this package customer is not provided internet to make it more affordable and convenient. This package has an added advantage of unlimited calls on Sunday from PTCL Landline to Landline & Vfone.

Package Tariff:

This Package offer Smart TV with Zero Kbps BB, just in Rs. 649 (450 for Smart TV Monthly subscription charges plus 199 for unlimited on net calls on every Sunday (PTCL-PTCL-Vfone)).Moreover the STB and VOD charges would remain same as that of Normal Smart TV connection.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Q1. Who can avail Standalone IPTV?
Ans: All the existing and new PSTN customers only
Q2. How can I get Standalone IPTV ?
Ans :You just have to dial 0800-80-800OR by visiting nearest OSS and can avail that package.
Q3. Can I use Broadband in this package?
 Ans: No you can’t, because BB data rate is Zero.
Q4. Can I shift to any other data rate of BB?
 Ans: Yes
Q5. Can I shift from any other data rate to Zero BB?
Ans: Yes  
Q6.Is there any installation charge of BB?
Ans: NO  
Q7. Can customer pay upfront for STB or get on installment?
 Ans :  Yes, it’s up to Customer.
Q8. All features of IPTV are available in Standalone IPTV?
Ans: Yes.
Q9. Which modem we will offer to the customer with stand alone IPTV?
Ans: wired modem will be given in default which will be ensured by line man.
Q10. Can customer make calls through PSTN?
Ans: Yes customer can.
Q11. How many minutes are free in this package?
Ans: Unlimited On net calls only On Sunday.(PTCL-PTCL-Vfone)

              

PTCL Broadband Economy Package




Introduction:

With over 1 million DSL Subscribers across the Country PTCL has established itself as the primary choice of customers for internet connectivity. During the past few years PTCL mainly focused on speed and unlimited download to attract high end customers. Now PTCL intends to target the mass market of low to medium end users with monthly affordability of around Rs. 500 that represents an untapped opportunity for PTCL. The offer of 1 Mbps at a lower price with capped downloads will provide PTCL the opportunity of entering this segment and at the same time will encourage more upgrades as the customer experience will enhance and increase the need for higher speed and downloads.

Economy package offers 1Mbps broadband for only Rs. 499 with 10-GBs download.

 Package Details:

  • Download up to 10 GBs is inclusive in the Package Price
  • Rs. 100 per GB will be charged for downloads greater than 10 GBs
  • Total DSL charges will be capped at Rs. 1,500 which means that after 20 GBs the Package will become unlimited.
  • Rs. 1,500 will be charged as downgrade charges from all 1 Mbps and Higher Packages (Student & Regular) if they Opt into this package
  • All other charges will be charged as per prevailing policy.
  • This Package will be available with PSTN Freedom Package (Rs. 250) for new customers and existing customers can also avail Freedom Package with Broadband Economy Package.

Key Highlights:

Broadband:
  • PTCL broadband is the most affordable broadband service in the country
  • Seamless experience when streaming and downloading movies, TV shows and music files etc
  • Access to rich HD multimedia resources over the internet
  • Access to free movies, music, classical Pakistani plays, famous cricket matches, educational and religious contents exclusively for PTCL broadband customers   on ‘Buzz’ broadband web infotainment portal

        

Pakistan blocks YouTube again



Pakistan pulled the plug again on YouTube just hours after unblocking the video file-sharing site following a months-long blackout.


he order for the new crackdown came directly from Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf.
Ashraf had in September had blocked YouTube after it refused to remove a controversial anti-Islam video.
Weeks of protests in Pakistan over the crudely made film "Innocence of Muslims" resulted in more than 20 people being killed.
Earlier on Saturday the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) notified all Internet companies to "immediately unblock/restore" YouTube until further orders were given.
But hours later Ashraf, after officials had said measures were being taken to filter out blasphemous material and pornography, ordered PTA to cut access.
"The prime minister has issued orders to block YouTube again," a senior official in Ashraf's office told AFP, declining to provide more details or a reason for the decision.
The privately run Geo television network reported that Ashraf issued the orders to block YouTube after it showed a report saying blasphemous content was still accessible.
Interior Minister Rehman Malik had said earlier said on Twitter that the decision to allow access again was due to huge public demand.
"PTA is finalising negotiations for acquiring a powerful firewall software to totally block pornographic and blasphemous material," he added.
The Internet Service Providers Association of Pakistan (Ispak) had welcomed the announcement of a restoration.
Ispak Convener Wahajus Siraj told AFP that when the ban first came into force, internet video traffic in Pakistan plummeted by up to 30%.
He said unblocking access would be a positive step because many students and institutions "were using YouTube for education, and were facing difficulties as alternate websites were not as good".

668 SIM Information and Verification system



Pakistan Telecommunication Authority



CONSUMER ALERT

The 668 Information and Verification system can be accessed by 
visiting  http://cnic.sims.pk

Helpline or UAN:



Imagine Cup 2013

Published On:  Thursday, December 27, 2012

                       

3rd Convocation of Virtual University held at Multan


Published On:  Wednesday, December 26, 2012
The third Convocation of Virtual University of Pakistan was held for the graduating students of Southern Punjab at Multan.Degrees were conferred upon 610 graduates who successfully completed their Bachelors and Masters programs from the University.  Gold medal and merit certificates were also awarded to outstanding graduates.

In his welcome address, the Rector of the University, Mr. Tajdar Alam, highlighted the achievements of the Virtual University, its leading role in delivering technology based education and contribution in the provision of quality education even to the remotest areas of the country. He also emphasized on the need to work selflessly for the progress and betterment of the country and for making Pakistani nation, an educated nation. The chief guest, Professor Dr. Muhammad Mukhtar, Vice Chancellor, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, appreciated the achievements of the Virtual University of Pakistan and also congratulated the successful graduates and high achievers. The convocation was attended by dignitaries, academicians and parents of the graduates.

Get Register for VU Third Convocation at Karachi

Published On:  Wednesday, December 26, 2012

3rd Convocation of Virtual University of Pakistan


In continuation of the third convocation of the Virtual University of Pakistan, already held at Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Peshawar, and Multan, is now to be held at Karachi.

The fifth ceremony is going to be held on Wednesday, January 09, 2013, at Pearl Continental Karachi
Please note the following:

  • Graduates who wish to attend the convocation at Karachi should confirm by visiting:
http://www.vu.edu.pk/convocation  positively by Tuesday, January 01, 2013

  • Participating graduates may be accompanied by one parent/guardian as specified by them during registration/re-confirmation
  • Invitation Cards will only be issued to graduates who register their participation as given above
  • Entry will not be allowed without invitation cards issued by the University

 For any further information/query please send an email to convocation@vu.edu.pk


NOTE:
 Students who have completed their degree requirements during Fall 2010 and Spring 2011 are eligible to participate.

              

Mid-term examination through innovative use of technology in VU

Published On:  Monday, December 24, 2012
A revolutionary innovative system has been recently introduced by Virtual University of Pakistan (VU) while conducting Fall 2012 Mid-term Examination throughout the country and abroad. 30,000 students (approx.) appeared in 113 exams centers in more than 100 in-land cities while, 1100 students have taken their examination in 57 overseas centres.

In this unique examination system each and every student was given a different question paper designed from a pool of over 160,000 papers of Question Bank. Being the leader in ICT-based education, Virtual University, through its innovative technology, has ensured the quality of all the examination procedures.

         

Europe launches major British military satellite


By: AFP, Uploaded: 20th December 2012

PARIS, Dec 20, 2012 – A European rocket has launched a major satellite designed to expand telecommunications for the British military from the Kourou space base in French Guiana, flight operators said. Skynet 5D — the fourth in Britain’s new generation of Skynet military satellites — was taken aloft by a heavy Ariane 5 at 2149 GMT on Wednesday, Arianespace said in an Internet feed of the launch.
The 4.8-tonne satellite was partnered by a second payload, Mexsat Bicentenario, a 2.9-tonne telecoms satellite for the Mexican government. The Skynet system is a public-private arrangement between Britain’s Ministry of Defence and the space firm Astrium, which builds the satellites. Under it, British forces pay an annual charge for which they are guaranteed bandwidth for their communications, and any surplus is sold to fellow NATO countries or other allies.
Skynet 5D is designed to provide coverage over the Middle East, Africa and Asia.

              

3rd CONVOCATION OF VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY HELD AT PESHAWAR

Published On:  Wednesday, December 19, 2012
Third Convocation of the Virtual University of Pakistan was held for graduating students of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa at Pearl-Continental Hotel, Peshawar. Degrees were conferred upon 193 graduates who successfully completed their Bachelor's and Masters's programs at the University. 
In his welcome address, the Rector of the University, Mr. Tajdar Alam, highlighted the achievements of the Virtual University, its leading role in delivering technology-based education, and its contribution to the provision of quality education even to the remotest areas of the country. He also emphasized the need to work selflessly for the progress and betterment of the country and for making the Pakistani nation, an educated nation. The chief guest, Dr. Qibla Ayaz, Vice Chancellor, University of Peshawar appreciated the achievements of the Virtual University of Pakistan and also congratulated the successful graduates and high achievers. The convocation was attended by dignitaries, academicians, and parents of the graduates.


VU participated in Conference by MIT Enterprise Forum



Published On:  Wednesday, December 19, 2012

Virtual university of Pakistan

 has participated in the conference organized by MIT Enterprise Forum on “Role of Quality Universities in Supporting Entrepreneurial Eco-System” held at Royal Palm Country Club, Lahore. On the first day of the conference Dr. Sadaqat Mehdi, Registrar VU,   briefed the audience about “Promotion of Entrepreneurial Education through Virtual University” and mentioned that VU graduates have done tremendous job on the software developments and serving multinationals and leading national organizations. On the second day Mr. Rizwan Saleem Sandhu, a senior faculty member of VU, mentioned that VU is playing key role in developing entrepreneurship ecosystem by imparting soft skills in existing entrepreneurs and equipping the youth with entrepreneurial skills all over Pakistan through its short courses and study programs. He further added that VU is also promoting entrepreneurship through its Private Virtual Campus Partners. The participants and key note speakers of the forum appreciated and acknowledged the efforts of Virtual University which is playing its key role in the development of Entrepreneurial ecosystem in Pakistan.



       

AIOU Semester wise Detail [Previous Results]








Allama Iqbal Open University Online Web-Based Previous Result

Semester wise Detail [Previous Results] CLICK


            

Allama Iqbal Open University ATTC Result spring 2012








Results Detail for Semester Spring 2012




Results Detail for Semester Spring 2012 [Current Results] <<<CLICK>>



     

Allama Iqbal Open University notice 12-18-2012








 News Detail
Published by :WEB SECTION
Published date :12/18/2012 10:29:23 AM
Heading:Examination of the papers cancelled on 23-11-2012
Link:
Detail:
Examination of papers cancelled on 23-11-2012 in all the Examination Centres of AIOU, will now be held on 02-01-2013 in the Examination Centres earlier alloted. Examination Timings will remain unchanged.

Allama Iqbal Open University notice



News Detail
Published by :REGIONAL OFFICE SKARDU
Published date :12/18/2012 2:38:41 PM
Heading:Tutor's information Matric,PTC and B.Ed programs
Link:
Detail:
Skardu Region has completed the tutors appointment of Matric,PTC and B.Ed programs for Aut. 2012 Semester and particulars of tutors are now available at AIOU website (www.aiou.edu.pk/Tutors.asp). if any student has not received the particular of his/her allotted tutors so far, they are advised to download the required information from above said link. Incase of any query regarding tutors please contact our phone No. 05815-960258



CS201 Latest Midterm Papers 2012


These all papers shared by users
CS201 Today Paper
Total Questions = 26
Total MCQ = 20 (Each of 1 Marks)
Total Short Questions = 2 (Each of 2 Marks)
Total Short Questions = 2 (Each of 3 Marks)
Total Long Questions = 2 (Each of 5 Marks)


Q write a code to open a file, file name is "myfile.txt"
Q write a structure whos name is Inventory etc 3marks
Q declare 2-dimentional array and then assign pointer to this array 2 marks
Q aik code diya tha us ka output batana tha ....strtok wala code tha for 5 marks
Q write a code which pass camand line argument to main and return integer 3 marks
Q if p and q are int pointer and n is integer then the followings are legal or illigal 5marks
1 p - q
2 p-n
3 q+n
4 q+ p
5 n +p 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cs 201 current paper :

20 mcqs and 2 3 question of 2 marks 2 question of 3 marks ,2 question of 5 marks 

Q.A two-dimensional array has 3 rows and 4 columns. Write down the syntax to initialize first element of all
three rows of two-dimensional array with value 2.

Q.Identify the errors in the following code segment and give the reason of errors
main(){
int x = 10
const int *ptr = &x ;
*ptr = 5 ;
}
Q. Write the syntax of outfile.text ?
Q Advantage of close() file

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1:-Detect the correct compile time error(s) in the following code
Hints:- The following code print number from 1-100 (5 Marks)
Void main()
{
int cout:
float *ptr;
for(couter=1;couter<=100;couter++)
{
ptr=couter:
coutptr” ”;
getch();
return 0;
}

2:- write a program which declare an array and initialize it with string ‘WELCOME TO VIRTUAL UNIVERSTY’. Then using string manipulate function, replace all the white space in the string with new line characters and also convert all the lower cases latter of string into upper case latter. In the end program displaces the following string on the screen
The program should display the string as
Welcome
To
Virtual
University
(5 Mars)

3:- In any program language structure and array are used for what purpose (3 marks)
4:- what is syntax for finalization of the pointer ptr of type with variable x? (2 marks)
and one more question related to a program and that was of 5 marks

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Paper of CS201 (Mid Term 08-Dec-2012)
Time 2:30 pm Total Marks = 40

Total Questions = 26
Objective Question = 20
Subjective Question= 6
Q 1 & 2 = 2+2 marks
Q 3 & 4 = 3+3 marks
Q 5 & 6 = 5+5 marks
___________________________
Today paper
20 % from past papers
&
80 % in Handouts + Video Lec
In Subjective area
1- what is meant by C++ Statement: const int *ptr = &x;? 2 marks
2- Pointer character stored the string in C++ and array character stored the string in C++? now discussed who is more efficient? 3 marks
3- Find the syntax error? 2 marks
4- Write a program related array topic? 5 Marks
5- Write a program related union? 5 Marks
6- I forgot this question
I hope so it will help u in ur preparation of CS201 papers . . .

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CS201 MID TERM Current Papers Dec.-2012 Fall 
paper tough tha mcqs b ajeeb say thay
exact to yaad nahi but kuch aisay thay questions
Q write a code to open a file, file name is "myfile.txt"
Q write a structure whos name is Inventory etc 3marks
Q declare 2-dimentional array and then assign pointer to this array 2 marks
Q aik code diya tha us ka output batana tha ....strtok wala code tha for 5 marks
Q write a code which pass camand line argument to main and return integer 3 marks
Q if p and q are int pointer and n is integer then the followings are legal or illigal 5marks
1 p - q
2 p-n
3 q+n
4 q+ p
5 n +p ( in mein yad nahi * ya / b hai tha ya ni)

Today paper
20 % from past papers
&
80 % in Handouts + Video Lec
In Subjective area
1- what is meant by C++ Statement: const int *ptr = &x;? 2 marks
2- Pointer character stored the string in C++ and array character stored the string in C++? now discussed who is more efficient? 3 marks
3- Find the syntax error? 2 marks
4- Write a program related array topic? 5 Marks
5- Write a program related union? 5 Marks
6- I forgot this question

Cs 201 current paper :

20 mcqs and 2 3 question of 2 marks 2 question of 3 marks ,2 question of 5 marks

Q.A two-dimensional array has 3 rows and 4 columns. Write down the syntax to initialize first element of all
three rows of two-dimensional array with value 2.

Q.Identify the errors in the following code segment and give the reason of errors
main(){
int x = 10
const int *ptr = &x ;
*ptr = 5 ;
}
Q. Write the syntax of outfile.text ?
Q Advantage of close() file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CS201 My Today Midterm Paper
Date 14-12-2012
MCQ’s
Tamam MCQ’s past papers mein sy thy
Baqi questions ye thay
1)
In programming we use structure and Arrays for what purpose?    Marks=3
2)
Which is better approach in term of memory space occupation and why?                                                                      Marks=3
i)                                                                                                                                           Char *arr[]={“programming”,”fundamental”,”cs201”};
ii)                                                                                                                                        Char arr[3][50]= {“programming”,”fundamental”,”cs201”};
3)                                                    Marks=5
Determine the value of m and n after execution the code
Int m=44;
Int*p=&m;
Int &r=m;
Int n=(*P)++;
Int *q=p-1;
++*q;
Assume that integers occupy 4 bytes and that m is stored in memory.
                                                                                                        
4)                                                    Marks=5
Briefly explain the logic of given code. Also determine the value of ‘counter’ variable if the code below is executed.
Main ()
{
Int num=5;
Int counter=0;
  While (num !=0)
       {
          If (num &01)
   Counter++;
num >>=1;
}
return  0;
}
 Is k ilawah 2,2 marks k 2 questions b thy jo mujy yaad nai is waqat

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CS201 Today Paper
Total Questions = 26
Total MCQ = 20 (Each of 1 Marks)
Total Short Questions = 2 (Each of 2 Marks)
Total Short Questions = 2 (Each of 3 Marks)
Total Long Questions = 2 (Each of 5 Marks)


Q write a code to open a file, file name is "myfile.txt"
Q write a structure whos name is Inventory etc 3marks
Q declare 2-dimentional array and then assign pointer to this array 2 marks
Q aik code diya tha us ka output batana tha ....strtok wala code tha for 5 marks
Q write a code which pass camand line argument to main and return integer 3 marks
Q if p and q are int pointer and n is integer then the followings are legal or illigal 5marks
1 p - q
2 p-n
3 q+n
4 q+ p
5 n +p 
        

CS201 Latest Mid term Paper 2012


26 QUESTIONS
20 MCQ'S 
1) TWAIN stands for........ (Ans:Technology without any interesting name)
2) microsoft word is what type of software.......(utility,driver,application)
3) First address of an element in array is called....? (first address, base address)
4) Doc file (Ms word file) is of what kind (a binary acces file, random access file, sequential or exe)
5) switch statement is replacement of ( Ans: multiple-if statement)
6) which statement checks the test condition at the end of loop (Ans: while)
7)mcq about checking of file through tg() tp()...etc
which bit of the number gives sign. (2)
how clossing a program with close() funciton saves memory(5)
suggestion: Grasp over the arrays and pointers and you've completed 80 percent of the paper.....:)

------------------------------------------------------------------------


3. What a problem in the given code. How can you correct it.
Cout”p=”p”,p+q=”p+qend1;                          Marks(2)
 4. what is error in this code and give reason of error.
main()
{
                  Intx=10;
                  Const int *ptr=&x;
*ptr = 5;
      }                                                                                   Marks(3)
Sequential and random method. In given 2 method wich one is best and why?
                                                                                          Marks(3)
5.                              write a programe that prompt the user to enter the value in an array
programe should sort the array in increasing order and found the maximum and minimum number in the array.                                            Marks(5)

6.  write a programme which create a new file having name cs201.txt and write introduction to programming taught by Dr Naveed Malik” in it.
      And after that print the content of this text file an the screen using getline function.
                                                                                                                        Marks(5)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total marks 40
MCQ = 20
2 number Question = 2x2 = 4 marks
3 number Question = 3x2 = 6 marks
5 number Question = 5x2 = 10 marks 
Technology with An Interesting name ka puch tha.
If an array has 100 elements, what is allowable range of subscripts? 
(a) 0 - 99 
(b) 1 - 99 
(c) 0 - 100 
(d) 1 - 100

2 number ka Quiz tha
Q write a code to open a file, file name is "myfile.txt"


BNK601 Short Notes 2012

BNK601 Short Notes

Banking Laws & Practices
Consortium finance

Under consortium financing, several banks (or financial institutions) finance a single borrower with common appraisal, common documentation, joint supervision and follow-up exercises. It is a subsidiary bank owned by several different banks. Each owner bank has an equal share so that no bank is the majority shareholder. The owner banks are often in different countries. A consortium bank is created to finance a specific project; once the project is complete, the consortium bank dissolves itself. While they are not as common as they once were, they are useful when a project involves multiple currencies.

Hypothecation

Hypothecation is a legal transaction, whereby goods may be made available as security for a debt without transferring possession to the lender. Hypothecation is the practice where a borrower pledges collateral to secure a debt. The borrower retains ownership of the collateral, but it is "hypothetically" controlled by the creditor in that he has the right to seize possession if the borrower defaults.

Money market

Money Market is a financial market which deals in short term debt instruments. The money market is a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing and lending with original maturities of one year or shorter time frames.

Differentiation between blank and full endorsement

“When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same, otherwise than as such maker, for the purpose of negotiation, on the back or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, or so signs for the same purpose a stamped paper intended to be completed as a negotiable instrument, he is said to indorse the same, and is called endorser”.
An endorsement may be made in blank or full. It may also be restrictive.
Kinds of Endorsement:
The endorsements are divided as under:
Blank or general
Full or special endorsement
Restrictive endorsement
Partial endorsement
Instrument endorsed in blank: Sec 54
Subject to the provisions hereinafter contained as to crossed cheques, a negotiable instrument endorsed in blank is payable to the bearer thereof even although originally payable to order.
Full or special endorsement: Sec 16
If the endorser signs his name only, the endorsement is said to be "in blank", and if he adds a direction to pay the amount mentioned in the instrument to, or to the order of, a specified person, the endorsement is said to be 'in full", and the person so specified is called the "endorsee" of the instrument.

R14 Auto Loans

Auto Loans mean the loans to purchase the vehicle for personal use.
REGULATION R-14- Classifications:
The auto loans shall be classified and provided for in the following manner:
Classification: Substandard.
Determinant: where mark up interest or principle is overdue by 90 days or more from the due date.
Treatment of Income: Unrealized mark-up/ interest to be kept in Memorandum account and not to be credited to Income account except when realized in cash. Unrealized mark up/interest already taken to income account to be reversed and kept in Memorandum account.
Provisions to be made: Provision of 10% (25% from 31st December 2006) of the difference resulting from the outstanding balance of principal less the amount of liquid assets.

R-8-CLASSIFICATION AND PROVISIONING

The credit card advances shall be classified and provided for in the following manner:
Classification: Loss.
Principal is overdue by 180 days or more from the due date.
Determinant: Where mark-up / interest.
Treatment of Income: Unrealized mark-up / interest to be
Provisions to be made: Provision of 100% of the difference.

R-6-MARGIN REQUIREMENTS

Banks / DFIs are free to determine the margin requirements on consumer facilities provided by them to their clients taking into account the risk profile of the borrower(s) in order to secure their interests.
However, this relaxation shall not apply in case of items, import of which is banned by the Government. Banks / DFIs will continue to observe margin restrictions on shares / TFCs as per existing instructions under Prudential Regulations for Corporate / Commercial Banking (R-6). Further, the restrictions prescribed under paragraph 1.A of Regulation R-6 of the Prudential Regulations for Corporate / Commercial Banking will also be applicable in case of Consumer Financing. State Bank of Pakistan shall continue to exercise its powers for fixation / reinstatement of margin requirements on consumer facilities being provided by banks/DFIs for various purposes, as and when required.

Differentiation between Sight and Usance Letter of credit 

A 'sight' LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame.
In a sight payment, the commercial letter of credit is payable when the beneficiary presents the complying documents and if the presentation takes place on or before the expiration of the commercial letter of credit.
Whereas Usance Letter of Credit (L/C) is a Letter of credit that calls for payment at a future date. It is generally within six months and requires a draft drawn on the issuing/paying bank for the amount of the invoice.

Endorsement

When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same, otherwise than as such maker, for the purpose of negotiation, on the back or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, or so signs for the same purpose a stamped paper intended to be completed as a negotiable instrument, he is said to indorse the same, and is called endorser”.

Differentiation between liquidity risk & operational risk

Liquidity risk is the current and potential risk to earnings and the market value of stockholders’ equity that results from a bank’s inability to meet payment or clearing obligations in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Where operational risk refers to the possibility that operating expenses might vary significantly from what is expected, producing a decline in net income and firm value. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems, or from external events.

Advantages of letter of credit risk

Following are the advantages of LC:
1. General global acceptability by the interacting parties.
2. The beneficiary is assured of payment as long as it complies with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. The letter of credit identifies which documents must be presented and the data content of those documents. The credit risk is transferred from the applicant to the issuing bank.
3. The beneficiary can enjoy the advantage of mitigating the issuing bank’s country risk by requiring that a bank in its own country confirm the letter of credit. That bank then takes on the country and commercial risk of the issuing bank and protects the beneficiary.
4. The beneficiary minimizes collection time as the letter of credit accelerates payment of the receivables.
5. The beneficiary’s foreign exchange risk is eliminated with a letter of credit issued in the currency of the beneficiary’s country.

SME

Small and medium enterprises are companies whose headcount or turnover falls below certain limits. The companies are usually defined as an organization with fewer than 10 employees.

Powers of arbitrator 

(a). The arbitrators or umpire shall, unless a different intention is expressed in agreement, have power to (a) administer oath to the parties and witnesses appearing.
(b). state a special case for the opinion of the Court on any question of law involved, or state the award, wholly or in part, in the form of a special case of such question for the opinion of the Court.
(c). The arbitrators or umpire shall, unless a different intention is expressed in agreement, have power to (c) make the award conditional or in the alternative.
(d). Correct in an award any clerical mistake or error arising from any accidental slip or omission.
(e). Administer to any party to arbitration such interrogatories as may, in the opinion of the arbitrators or umpire, be necessary.

Attributes of good collateral

Collateral is considered to be good collateral if it possesses the following attributes.
1. Adequate
2. Readily en cashable realizable
3. Sufficient.

Bank

Bank means a banking company as defined in the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962.

Borrower

Borrower means an individual to whom a bank / DFI has allowed any consumer financing during the course of business.

Corporate Bonds

Corporate bonds are intermediate-term and long-term obligations issued by large, high-quality corporations to finance plant and equipment spending. Typically, corporate bonds pay interest twice a year and repay the principal amount borrowed at maturity.
Corporate bonds are not as liquid as government securities because they are less widely traded. Corporate bonds have greater default risk than government bonds, but they generally fluctuate less in price than corporate equities.

Why preferred bond is called hybrid security

Hybrid securities are a broad group of securities that combine the elements of the two broader groups of securities, debt and equity.
Preferred stock is a hybrid security because it combines features of common stocks and bonds. At the same time, it has several unique features that set it apart from both.